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PHP Regular Expressions
What is a Regular Expression?
A regular expression is a sequence of characters that forms a search pattern. When you search for data in a text, you can use this search pattern to describe what you are searching for.
A regular expression can be a single character, or a more complicated pattern.
Regular expressions can be used to perform all types of text search and text replace operations.
Syntax
In PHP, regular expressions are strings composed of delimiters, a pattern and optional modifiers.
$exp = "/mcatutorials/i";
In the example above, / is the delimiter, mcatutorials is the pattern that is being searched for, and i is a modifier that makes the search case-insensitive.
The delimiter can be any character that is not a letter, number, backslash or space. The most common delimiter is the forward slash (/), but when your pattern contains forward slashes it is convenient to choose other delimiters such as # or ~.
Syntax
In PHP, regular expressions are strings composed of delimiters, a pattern and optional modifiers.
Regular Expression Functions
PHP provides a variety of functions that allow you to use regular expressions. The preg_match(), preg_match_all() and preg_replace() functions are some of the most commonly used ones:
| Function | Description |
preg_match() |
Returns 1 if the pattern was found in the string and 0 if not |
preg_match_all() |
Returns the number of times the pattern was found in the string, which may also be 0 |
preg_replace() |
Returns a new string where matched patterns have been replaced with another string |
Using preg_match()
The preg_match() function will tell you whether a string contains matches of a pattern.
Example
Use a regular expression to do a case-insensitive search for "mcatutorials" in a string:
< ?php $str = "Visit W3Schools"; $pattern = "/mcatutorials/i"; echo preg_match($pattern, $str); // Outputs 1 ?>
Using preg_match_all()
The preg_match_all() function will tell you how many matches were found for a pattern in a string.
Example
Use a regular expression to do a case-insensitive count of the number of occurrences of "ain" in a string:
< ?php $str = "The rain in SPAIN falls mainly on the plains."; $pattern = "/ain/i"; echo preg_match_all($pattern, $str); // Outputs 4 ?>
Using preg_replace()
The preg_replace() function will replace all of the matches of the pattern in a string with another string.
Example
The preg_replace() function will replace all of the matches of the pattern in a string with another string.
< ?php $str = "Visit Microsoft!"; $pattern = "/microsoft/i"; echo preg_replace($pattern, "Mcatutorials", $str); // Outputs "Visit Mcatutorials!" ?>
Regular Expression Modifiers
Modifiers can change how a search is performed.
| Modifier | Description |
i |
Performs a case-insensitive search |
m |
Performs a multiline search (patterns that search for the beginning or end of a string will match the beginning or end of each line) |
u |
Enables correct matching of UTF-8 encoded patterns |
Regular Expression Patterns
Brackets are used to find a range of characters:
| Expression | Description |
[abc] |
Find one character from the options between the brackets |
[^abc] |
Find any character NOT between the brackets |
[0-9] |
Find one character from the range 0 to 9 |
Metacharacters
Metacharacters are characters with a special meaning:
| Metacharacter | Description |
| |
Find a match for any one of the patterns separated by | as in: cat|dog|fish |
. |
Find just one instance of any character |
^ |
Finds a match as the beginning of a string as in: ^Hello |
$ |
Finds a match at the end of the string as in: World$ |
\d |
Find a digit |
\s |
Find a whitespace character |
\b |
Find a match at the beginning of a word like this: \bWORD, or at the end of a word like this: WORD\b |
\uxxxx |
Find the Unicode character specified by the hexadecimal number xxxx |
Quantifiers
Quantifiers define quantities:
| Quantifier | Description |
n+ |
Matches any string that contains at least one n |
n* |
Matches any string that contains zero or more occurrences of n |
n? |
Matches any string that contains zero or one occurrences of n |
n{x} |
Matches any string that contains a sequence of X n's |
n{x,y} |
Matches any string that contains a sequence of X to Y n's |
n{x,} |
Matches any string that contains a sequence of at least X n's |
Grouping
You can use parentheses ( ) to apply quantifiers to entire patterns. They also can be used to select parts of the pattern to be used as a match.
Example
Use grouping to search for the word "banana" by looking for ba followed by two instances of na:
< ?php
$str = "Apples and bananas.";
$pattern = "/ba(na){2}/i";
echo preg_match($pattern, $str); // Outputs 1
?>